What is a Performance Fee?

A performance fee is a payment made to an investment manager for generating positive returns. This is as opposed to a management fee, which is charged without regard to returns. A performance fee can be calculated many ways. Most common is as a percentage of investment profits, often both realized and 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:unrealized. It is largely a feature of the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:hedge fund industry, where performance fees hav💜e made many hedge fund managers among the wealt🍒hiest people in the world.

Understanding Performance Fees

The basic rationale for performance fees is that they align the interests of fund managers and their investors, and are an incentive for fund managers to generate positive returns. A "2 and 20" annual 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:fee structure—a 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:management fee of 2% of the fund's net asset value and a performance fee of 20% of 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:the fund's profits—is a standard practice among hedge funds.

Example of a Performance Fee

Imagine an investor takes a $10 million position with a hedge fund and after a year the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:net asset value (NAV) has increased by 10% (or $1 million) making that position worth $11 million. The manager will have earned 20% of that $1 million change, or $200,000. That fee reduces the NAV to $10.8 million which equals an 8%🌌 return independent🐭 of any other fees.

The highest value of a fund over a given period is known as a 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:high-water mark. If the fund falls from that high, generally a performance fee isn't incurred. Manager🧸s tend to charge a fee only when they surpass the high-water mark.

Hurdles and Performance Fees

A hurdle would be a predetermined level of return a fund must meet to earn a performance fee. Hurdles can take the form of an index or a set, predetermined percentage. For example, if NAV growth of 10% is subject to a 3% hurdle, a performance fee would be charged only on the 7% difference. Hedge funds have been popular enough in recent years that fewer of them utilize hurdles now compared to the years after the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Great Recession.

Critics of performance fees, including Warren Buffett, opine that the skewed structure of performance fees — where managers share in the funds' profits but not in their losses — only tempts fund managers to take greater risks to generate higher returns.

Performance Fee Regulation

Performance fees charged by U.S. registered investment advisors fall under the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and fees charged to pension funds governed by the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Employee Ret😼irement Income Security Act (ERISA) must satisfy special requirements. Hedge♉ funds aꦐre, of course, outside of this group.