What Is a Pension Plan?

A pension plan is a retirement savings benefit offered by employers to their employees. Employers make regular contributions to a pool of money set aside to fund payments to eligible employees after they retire. Traditional pension plans in the U.S., known as 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:defined-benefit plans, are increasingly rare and are being replaced by defined-contribution plans that are less costly to employers, such as the 401(k) retirement savings plan.

Understanding Pension Plans

A pension plan requires contributions by tꦺhe employer and may allow additional contributions by the employee. The employee contributions are deducted from wages. The employer may also match a portion of the worker’s annual contributions up to a specific percentage or dollar amount.

A pension plan is more complex and costly to establish and maintain than other retirement plans. Depending on the plan type, employees may have no control over the investment decisions concerning the funds. In addition, an 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:excise tax applies if the minimum contribution requirement is not satisfied or if excess contributions are made to the plan.

Types of Pension Plans

There are two main types of 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:pension plans: the defined-benefit plan and the defined-contribution plan.

Defined-Benefit Pension Plan

With a defined-benefit pension plan, the employer guarantees that the employee receives a specific monthly payment after retiring and for life, regardless of the performance of the underlying investment pool. The employer is liable for pension payments to the retiree for a dol⛄lar amount typically determined by a formula base𒐪d on earnings and years of service.

If the assets in the pension plan account cannot pay all of the benefits, the company is liable for the remainder. Defined-benefit 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:employer-sponsored pension plans date from the 1870s. The American Express Company established the first pension plan in 1875. At their height in the 1980s, they covered 38% of all 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:private-sector workers.

Defined-Contribution Pension Plan

With a defined-contribution pension plan, the employee makes contributions, which may be matched to some degree by the employer. The final benefit to the employee depends on the investment performance of the plan. The company’s liability ends when the total contributions are expended.

The 401(k) plan is a type of defined-contribution pension plan. The defined contribution plan is less expensive for a company to sponsor, an꧂d the long-term costs are easier to estimate. It also takes the company off ♛the hook for future additional costs beyond agreed contributions.

For this reason, a growing number of private companies are moving to the defined-contribution plan. The best-known defined-contribution plan is the 401(k), and its equivalent for nonprofit employees—the 403(b).

Variations

Some companies offer both types of pension plans. They even allow participants to 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:roll over 401(k) balances into defined-benefit pension plans.

There is another variation: the pay-as-you-go pension plan. Set up by the employer, these may be wholly funded by the employee, who can opt for salary deductions or lump-sum contributions, which are generally not permitted for 401(k) plans. They are similar to 401(k) plans but rarely offer a 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:company match. 

A pay-as-you-go pension plan is different from 🐭a pay-as-you-go funding formula. Current workers’𒆙 contributions are used to fund current beneficiaries. Social Security is an example of a pay-as-you-go program.

Factoring in ERISA

The Employee Retirement Income 𒁏Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) is a federal law designed to protect retirement assets. The law establishes guidelines that retirement plan fiduciaries must follow to protect the assets of private-sector employees.

Companies that provide retirement plans are referred to as plan sponsors or 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:fiduciaries, and ERISA requires each company to provide a specific level of information to eligible employees. Plan sponsors provide details on investment options and worker contributions matched by the company.

Employees must understand vesting, the amount of time required to begin to accumulate and earn the right to pension assets. Vesting is based on the number of years of service and other factors.

Vesting

Enrollment in a defined-benefit plan is usually automatic within one year of employment, although vesting can be immediate or spread out over several years. Leaving a company before retirement may result in losing some or all pension benefits.

With defined-contribution plans, contributions are 100% vested as soon as they are paid in. If your employer matches those contributions or gives you company stock as🌱 part of a benefits package, it may set up a schedule under which a certain percentage is handed over to you each year until you are fully vested.

Just because retirement contributions are fully vested doesn’t mean that you’re allowed to make withdrawals, however.

Taxation

Most employer-sponsored pension plans are qualified, meaning they meet 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Internal Revenue Code (IRC) 401(a) and ERISA requirements. That gives them their 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:tax-advantaged status for both employers and employees.

Employee contributions come out of their paychecks before taxes—that is, they’re taken out of an employee’s 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:gross income. That effectively reduces the employee’s 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:taxable income, and the amount they owe to the IRS come tax day. Funds placed in a retirement account then grow ♔at a tax-deferred rate, meaning no tax is due on the funds as long as they remain in the account.

Both pension plans allow the worker to 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:defer tax on the retirement plan’s ♛earnin𝔉gs until withdrawals begin. This tax treatment allows the employee to reinvest dividend income, interest income, and 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:capital gains—all of which compound and can generate a much higher rate of return over the years before retirement compared to if they were taxed.

When the account holder starts withdrawing funds from a qualified pension plan during retirement, federal income taxes are due. Some states will tax the money, too. If you contributed money in after-tax dollars, your withdrawals are only partially taxable. Partially taxable qualified pensions are taxed under the simplified method.

Modified Pension Plans

Some companies are keeping their traditional defined-benefit plans but are freezing the benefits. This means that after a certain point, workers wꦿill no longer accrue greater payments, no matter how long they work for the company or how large their salary grows.

When a pension plan provider implements or modifies the plan, covered employees almost always receive credit for any qualif🍬ying work performed before the change. The extent to which past work is covered varies from plan to plan.

When applied in this way, the plan pr🍃ovider must cover this cost retroactively for each employee in a fair and equal way for their remaining service years.

Pension Funds

When a defined-benefit plan is made up of pooled contributions from employers, unions, or other organizations, it i🤡s commonly referred to as a pension fund.

Managed by professional fund managers on behalf of a company and its employees, pension funds can control vast amounts of capital and are among the largest 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:institutional investors in many nations. Their investment act♔ions can dominate the stock markets.

Pension funds are typically exempt from the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:capital gains tax. Earnings on their investment portfolios are 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:tax deferred or 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:tax exempt.

A pension fund provides a fixed, preset benefit for employees upon retirement, helping workers plan their future spending. The employer makes the most contributions and cannot retroactively decrease pension fund benefits.

Voluntary employee contributions may be allowed as well. Since benefits do not depend on asset returns, benefits remain stable in a changing economic climate. Businesses can contribute more money to a pension fund and deduct more from their taxes than with a defined-contribution plan.

An employee’s payout depends on the final salary and length of employment with the company. No 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:early withdrawals are available from a pension fund. 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Pension fund loans are risky and, in some cases, illegal. In-service distributions are not allowed to a participant before age 59½. Taking early retirement generaꦿlly results in a smaller monthly pa𝕴yout.

Pension Plans vs. 401(k)

A pension plan and 401(k) can both be used to invest money for retirement. However, each vehicle has its st♎rengths and weaknesses.

• While a pension plan is often primarily funded by an employer, a 401(k) is primarily funded by an employee.
• Employees can choose how much to contribute to a 401(k) and potentially receive matched funds from employers based on 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:IRS contribution limits.
• A 401(k) is a defined-contribution plan, while a pension may be a defined-benefit plan.
• Under a 401(k) plan, employees often have greater control of their retirement plan. They have some degree of choice regarding what securities to invest their savings in, as well as how much to contribute toward retirement. On the other hand, pension plans are more suitable for investors who want a guaranteed, fixed income for life.
• A 401(k) is portable. When an employee leaves a company, they can take their 401(k) with them by rolling over the balance into an IRA. Alternatively, when an employee leaves a company in which they have a vested pension benefit, the employee must keep track of their pension benefit after their departure. Then, when the individual is ready to retire, they must apply for the pension benefits.

An🐎other point about the 401(k) is that any contributions made to the plan may not be enough to meet the employee’s future retirement needs.

Monthly Annuity vs. Lump Sum

With a defined-benefit plan, you usually have two choices when it comes to withdrawals (澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:distribution): periodic payments for the rest of your life, or a lump-sum distribution.

Some plans allow both, which means they can take a lump-sum payment and use the rest to generate periodic payments. In any case, there may be a deadline for deciding, and the decision will be final.

There are several things to consider when choosing⛄ between a monthly annuity and a lump-sum payment. 

Annuity

Monthly annuity payments are typically offered as a choice of a 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:single-life annuity for the retiree only for life, or as a joint and survivor annuity for the retiree and spouse. The latter pays a lesser amount each month, but the payouts continue until the surviving spouse passes away.

Some people take the single-life annuity. When the emp꧋loyee dies, the pension payout stops, but a large, tax-free death benefit is paid out to the surviving spouse, which can be invested.

Theoretically, a pension fund can run out of money. But if the fund doesn’t have enough money to pay you what it owes you, the 澳🧸洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) could pay a portion of your monthly annuity, up to ᩚᩚᩚᩚᩚᩚ⁤⁤⁤⁤ᩚ⁤⁤⁤⁤ᩚ⁤⁤⁤⁤ᩚ𒀱ᩚᩚᩚa legally defined limit.🤪

For 2025, the monthly maximum PBGC guarantee for a straight-life annuity for a 65-year-old retiree is $7,431.82. The PGBC maximum monthly guarantee for a joint and 50% survivor annuity for a 65-year-old retiree is $6,688.64. Of course, PBGC payments may not be as much as you would have receiveꩵd from your oriꦛginal pension plan.

Annuities usually pay at a 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:fixed rate. They may or may not include 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:inflation protection. If they don’t include inflation protection, the amount you get stays the same from retirement on. This can reduce the real value of your payments each year, depending on the rate of 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:inflation at the time.

Lump Sum

You avoid the potential (if unlikely) danger of your pension plan going broke if you take a lump sum. 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:You can also invest the money, keeping it working for you—and possibly earning a better interest rate, too. If there is money left when you die, you can pass it along as part of your estate.

On the downside, there’s no guaranteed lifetime income. It’s up to you to make the money last. And unless you roll the lump sum into an 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:individual retirement account (IRA) or other tax-sheltered accounts, the whole amount will be immediately taxed and could push you into a higher 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:tax bracket.

If your defined-benefit plan is with a public-sector employer, your lump-sum distribution may only be equal to your contributions. With a private-sector employer, the lump sum is usually the present value of the annuity (or more precisely, the total of your expected 𝕴lifetime annuity payments discounted to today’s dollars).

You can always use a lump-sum distribution to purchase an 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:immediate annuity on your own, which could provide a monthly income st🍌ream, 🐼including inflation protection. As an individual purchaser, however, your income stream will probably not be as large as it would with an annuity from your original defined-benefit pension fund.

Which Yields More: Lump Sum or Annuity?

With just a few assumptions and a bit of math, you can determine which choice yields the largest cash payout.

You know the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:present value of a lump-sum payment. To figure out which makes better financial sense, you need to estimate the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:present value of annuity payments. To determine the discount or future expected interest rate for the annuity paymen🦩ts, think about how you might invest the lump-sum payment and then use that interest rate to discount back the aꦚnnuity payments.

A reasonable approach to selecting the disco𒉰unt rate would be to assume that the lump-sum recipient invests the payout in a diversified investment portfolio of 60% stocks and 40% bonds. Using historical averages of 9% for stocks and 5% for bonds, the discount rate would be 7.40%.

Imagine that Sarah was offered $80,000 today or 🧜$10,000 per year for the next 10 years. On the surface, the choice appears clear: $80,000 vs. $100,000 ($10,000 × 10 years). Take t⛦he annuity.

However, the choice is impacted by Sarah’s 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:expected return (or discount rate) on the $80,000 over the next 10 years. Using the discount rate of 7.40% noted above, the annuity payments are worth $68,955.33 when discounted back to the present, whereas the lump-sum payment today is $🦩80,000. Since $80ꦡ,000 is greater than $68,955.33, Sarah would take the lump-sum payment.

This simplifie🦋d example does not factor in adjustments for inflation or taxes, and historical averages do not guarantee future returns.

Other Deciding Factors

There are other basic factors that must almost always be taken into consideration in any pension maximization analysis. These variables include:

• Your age
• Your current health and projected longevity
• Your current financial situation
• The projected return for a lump-sum investment
• Your 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:risk tolerance
• Inflation protection
• Estate planning considerations

The Bottom Line

A pension plan offers defined benefits at retirement. Different companies have different features, but employers often fund a majority of defined-benefit pension plans while guaranteeing specific꧟ retirement benefits based on their tenure and salary. A defined-benefit pension plan, on the other hand, ꦓoffers an employee a fixed payment for life once they retire. If you have any questions about your plan, contact your HR department.