How much active management is being done by your mutual fund manager? Active S🍷hare may give you the answer.

In financial literature, there are numerous studies that show that the average mutual fund manager underperforms their benchmark index after fees.

In 2006, Martijn Cremers and Antti Petajisto of the Yale School of Management introduced 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Active Share, a new method of determining the extent of active management being employed by mutual fund managers and a tool for finding those who do outperform.

The Research Behind Active Share

Active Share is a measure of the percentage of stock holdings in a manager's portfolio that differs from the benchmark index. Managers with high Active Share❀ have been found to outperform their benchmark indexes. The conclusion drawn by the study is that Active Share significantly predicts fund performance.

Examining 2,650 funds from 1980 to 2003, Cremers and Petajisto found that the highest-ranking active funds, those with an Active Share of 80% or higher, beat their benchmark indexes by 2-2.71% before fees and by 1.49-1.59% after fees.

This is surprising, since other researchers have repeatedly shown that active mutual fund managers, i💖n general, both in the United States and abroad, consistently underperform their benchmark index. This alternate research indicates that, for the most part, market prices reflect all available information.

According to the study, Active Share is also useful in identifying closet indexers—managers who claim to be active but whose portfolios are very ♏similar to the benchmark portfolio.

Identifying closet indexers is extremely important because active 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:management fees can be a significant obstacle to outperforming an index, for anyone hol💝ding a portfolio similar to a benchmark.

The Yale study also found funds that had low Active Share. The percentage of 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:assets under management (AUM) with an Active Share of less than 60% increased from 1.5% in 1980 to 40.7% in 2003. Correspondingly, the percentage of fund assets with Active Share greater than 80% went down, from 58% in 1980 to 28% in 2003.

This change is not completely explained by the growth in 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:index funds♛. In 1980, there were very few non-index funds with an Active Share of less than 60%. In 2003, fun🔯ds with Active Share below 60% had risen to 20% of funds and 30% of assets under management.

The authors also found that Active Share and excess performance are higher among funds with fewer assets under management.

More recent studies also confirm that, on average, actively managed portfolios underperform their benchmark indexes, finding that over the 15-year period from 2002 to 2017, only about 8% of active funds were able to outdo passive indexes.

After accounting for t🅺axes and the trading costs gene✱rated by active management, the number of successful funds drops to just 2%.

Measures of Active Management

The traditional measurement of the extent of active management employed by a mutual fund relies on methods that compare a fund's historical returns to those of its benchmark index.

One such method, tracking error volatility, measures the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:standard deviation of the difference between a manage🤪r's reꦓturns and the index returns.

High 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:tracking error volatility indicates a high degree of active management. The logic behind the measurement is that the makeup of individual stocks in a po🐽rtfolio will be reflected in the pattern of the returns. If the returns of the portfolio deviate from the index's returns significantly through time, the makeup of th🅺e portfolio must be significantly different from the index.

Wh💟ile tracking error volatility makes sense and is easy t𝓀o calculate, it only implies actions the manager is taking in the portfolio and does not actually look at the underlying holdings.

In contrast, Active Share is found by analyzing the actual holdings of a manager's portfolio and comparing those holdings to its benchmark index. By measuring 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:active management in this way, investors are supposed to get a clearer understanding of what exactly a manager is doing to drive performඣance, rather than drawing conclusiꦑons from observed returns.

Calculating Activity

Active Share is calculated by taking the sum of the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:absolute value of the differences of the weight of each holding in the manager's portfolio and the weight of each holding in the benchmark index and dividing by two.

$\text{Active Share}\ = \ \frac{1}{2}\sum\limits^N_{i=1}\left|w_{\text{fund},i}\ - \ w_{\text{index},i}\right|$Active Share = 21​i=1∑N​∣wfund,i​ − windex,i​∣

As a simple example, suppose a benchmark index includes only one stock. If a ꧅manager decides they like the stock but wants to invest only half the portfolio in that stock and half in another stock, then the Active Share would be 50%.

$\text{Active Share}\ = \ \frac{1}{2}(|100\%-50\%|+|0\%-50\%|)\ =\ 50\%$Active Share = 21​(∣100%−50%∣+∣0%−50%∣) = 50%

The Active Share result in this example essentially means that 50% of the manager's portfolio differs from the benchmark index.

Investors Should Be Cautious

Although the data revealed i🐟n the Active Share study is intriguing, investors should be cautious when trying to apply the findings. The benchmark-beating results of the high Active Share managers mentionedﷺ previously are an average of the group.

It would be wrong for investors to conclude that all managers with high Active Share portfolios will beat their benchmarks. The data only indicates that the average performance of this group of managers has been better t🐎han the average performance of managers with low Active Share.

Of course, it is likely that a number of managers with high Active Share portfolios underperformed their benchmarks while others 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:outperformed them. Investors who only rely on Active Share asꦛ an indicator of market-beating performance could inadvertently pick a manager who underperforms the benchmark.

While the information related to Active Share may be enticing, the results are of little use unless they are consistent. Cremers and Petajisto find significant consistency in high Active Share managers' abilities to continue to deliver 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:excess returns relative to a benchmark index.

The Bottom Line

Based on the results of the Cremers and Petajisto study, Active Share may be another tool that investors can use to evaluate potential mutual fund investments. However, it should be used along with other analysis tools fo⛦r a more complete understanding of performance potential.